udmin/docs/DATABASE.md

# UdminAI 数据库模块文档

## 概述

UdminAI 项目的数据库模块基于 SeaORM 框架构建，提供了完整的数据库抽象层和 ORM 功能。该模块负责数据库连接管理、事务处理、查询构建、迁移管理等核心功能，为整个系统提供可靠的数据持久化支持。

## 技术架构

### 核心组件

- **SeaORM**: 现代化的 Rust ORM 框架
- **SQLx**: 异步 SQL 工具包
- **PostgreSQL**: 主数据库（支持 MySQL、SQLite）
- **Redis**: 缓存和会话存储
- **Migration**: 数据库版本管理

### 设计原则

- **类型安全**: 编译时查询验证
- **异步优先**: 全异步数据库操作
- **连接池**: 高效的连接管理
- **事务支持**: ACID 事务保证
- **迁移管理**: 版本化数据库结构

## 模块结构

```
backend/src/
├── db.rs               # 数据库连接和配置
├── redis.rs            # Redis 连接和操作
└── models/             # 数据模型定义
    ├── mod.rs
    ├── user.rs
    ├── role.rs
    ├── permission.rs
    ├── flow.rs
    ├── schedule_job.rs
    └── ...
```

## 数据库连接 (db.rs)

### 功能特性

- 数据库连接池管理
- 多数据库支持
- 连接健康检查
- 自动重连机制
- 性能监控

### 实现代码

```rust
use sea_orm::{
    ConnectOptions, Database, DatabaseConnection, DbErr, TransactionTrait,
};
use std::time::Duration;
use tracing::{error, info, warn};

/// 数据库配置
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct DatabaseConfig {
    pub url: String,
    pub max_connections: u32,
    pub min_connections: u32,
    pub connect_timeout: Duration,
    pub idle_timeout: Duration,
    pub max_lifetime: Duration,
    pub sqlx_logging: bool,
    pub sqlx_logging_level: tracing::Level,
}

impl Default for DatabaseConfig {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            url: "postgresql://localhost/udmin_ai".to_string(),
            max_connections: 100,
            min_connections: 5,
            connect_timeout: Duration::from_secs(8),
            idle_timeout: Duration::from_secs(600),
            max_lifetime: Duration::from_secs(3600),
            sqlx_logging: true,
            sqlx_logging_level: tracing::Level::INFO,
        }
    }
}

/// 数据库连接管理器
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct DatabaseManager {
    connection: DatabaseConnection,
    config: DatabaseConfig,
}

impl DatabaseManager {
    /// 创建新的数据库管理器
    pub async fn new(config: DatabaseConfig) -> Result<Self, DbErr> {
        info!(target = "udmin", url = %config.url, "database.connect.starting");
        
        let mut opt = ConnectOptions::new(&config.url);
        opt.max_connections(config.max_connections)
            .min_connections(config.min_connections)
            .connect_timeout(config.connect_timeout)
            .idle_timeout(config.idle_timeout)
            .max_lifetime(config.max_lifetime)
            .sqlx_logging(config.sqlx_logging)
            .sqlx_logging_level(config.sqlx_logging_level);

        let connection = Database::connect(opt).await?;
        
        info!(target = "udmin", "database.connect.success");
        
        Ok(Self { connection, config })
    }

    /// 从环境变量创建数据库管理器
    pub async fn from_env() -> Result<Self, DbErr> {
        let config = DatabaseConfig {
            url: std::env::var("DATABASE_URL")
                .unwrap_or_else(|_| "postgresql://localhost/udmin_ai".to_string()),
            max_connections: std::env::var("DB_MAX_CONNECTIONS")
                .ok()
                .and_then(|s| s.parse().ok())
                .unwrap_or(100),
            min_connections: std::env::var("DB_MIN_CONNECTIONS")
                .ok()
                .and_then(|s| s.parse().ok())
                .unwrap_or(5),
            connect_timeout: Duration::from_secs(
                std::env::var("DB_CONNECT_TIMEOUT")
                    .ok()
                    .and_then(|s| s.parse().ok())
                    .unwrap_or(8),
            ),
            idle_timeout: Duration::from_secs(
                std::env::var("DB_IDLE_TIMEOUT")
                    .ok()
                    .and_then(|s| s.parse().ok())
                    .unwrap_or(600),
            ),
            max_lifetime: Duration::from_secs(
                std::env::var("DB_MAX_LIFETIME")
                    .ok()
                    .and_then(|s| s.parse().ok())
                    .unwrap_or(3600),
            ),
            sqlx_logging: std::env::var("DB_SQLX_LOGGING")
                .ok()
                .and_then(|s| s.parse().ok())
                .unwrap_or(true),
            sqlx_logging_level: match std::env::var("DB_SQLX_LOGGING_LEVEL")
                .unwrap_or_else(|_| "info".to_string())
                .to_lowercase()
                .as_str()
            {
                "trace" => tracing::Level::TRACE,
                "debug" => tracing::Level::DEBUG,
                "info" => tracing::Level::INFO,
                "warn" => tracing::Level::WARN,
                "error" => tracing::Level::ERROR,
                _ => tracing::Level::INFO,
            },
        };
        
        Self::new(config).await
    }

    /// 获取数据库连接
    pub fn connection(&self) -> &DatabaseConnection {
        &self.connection
    }

    /// 检查数据库连接健康状态
    pub async fn health_check(&self) -> Result<(), DbErr> {
        use sea_orm::Statement;
        
        let backend = self.connection.get_database_backend();
        let stmt = Statement::from_string(backend, "SELECT 1".to_string());
        
        match self.connection.execute(stmt).await {
            Ok(_) => {
                info!(target = "udmin", "database.health_check.success");
                Ok(())
            }
            Err(e) => {
                error!(target = "udmin", error = %e, "database.health_check.failed");
                Err(e)
            }
        }
    }

    /// 获取连接池统计信息
    pub async fn pool_stats(&self) -> DatabasePoolStats {
        // 注意：SeaORM 目前不直接暴露连接池统计信息
        // 这里提供一个接口，实际实现可能需要通过其他方式获取
        DatabasePoolStats {
            active_connections: 0, // 需要通过底层 SQLx 获取
            idle_connections: 0,
            total_connections: 0,
            max_connections: self.config.max_connections,
        }
    }

    /// 执行事务
    pub async fn transaction<F, R, E>(&self, f: F) -> Result<R, E>
    where
        F: for<'c> FnOnce(&'c DatabaseConnection) -> futures::future::BoxFuture<'c, Result<R, E>>
            + Send,
        E: From<DbErr>,
        R: Send,
    {
        let txn = self.connection.begin().await.map_err(E::from)?;
        
        match f(&txn).await {
            Ok(result) => {
                txn.commit().await.map_err(E::from)?;
                info!(target = "udmin", "database.transaction.committed");
                Ok(result)
            }
            Err(e) => {
                if let Err(rollback_err) = txn.rollback().await {
                    error!(target = "udmin", error = %rollback_err, "database.transaction.rollback_failed");
                }
                warn!(target = "udmin", "database.transaction.rolled_back");
                Err(e)
            }
        }
    }

    /// 关闭数据库连接
    pub async fn close(&self) -> Result<(), DbErr> {
        info!(target = "udmin", "database.connection.closing");
        self.connection.close().await?;
        info!(target = "udmin", "database.connection.closed");
        Ok(())
    }
}

/// 数据库连接池统计信息
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct DatabasePoolStats {
    pub active_connections: u32,
    pub idle_connections: u32,
    pub total_connections: u32,
    pub max_connections: u32,
}

/// 数据库迁移管理
pub struct MigrationManager {
    connection: DatabaseConnection,
}

impl MigrationManager {
    pub fn new(connection: DatabaseConnection) -> Self {
        Self { connection }
    }

    /// 运行所有待执行的迁移
    pub async fn migrate_up(&self) -> Result<(), DbErr> {
        info!(target = "udmin", "database.migration.starting");
        
        // 这里需要根据实际的迁移框架实现
        // 例如使用 sea-orm-migration
        
        info!(target = "udmin", "database.migration.completed");
        Ok(())
    }

    /// 回滚迁移
    pub async fn migrate_down(&self, steps: Option<u32>) -> Result<(), DbErr> {
        let steps = steps.unwrap_or(1);
        info!(target = "udmin", steps = %steps, "database.migration.rollback.starting");
        
        // 实现迁移回滚逻辑
        
        info!(target = "udmin", steps = %steps, "database.migration.rollback.completed");
        Ok(())
    }

    /// 获取迁移状态
    pub async fn migration_status(&self) -> Result<Vec<MigrationInfo>, DbErr> {
        // 返回迁移状态信息
        Ok(vec![])
    }
}

/// 迁移信息
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct MigrationInfo {
    pub version: String,
    pub name: String,
    pub applied_at: Option<chrono::DateTime<chrono::Utc>>,
    pub is_applied: bool,
}

/// 数据库查询构建器辅助函数
pub mod query_builder {
    use sea_orm::{
        ColumnTrait, Condition, EntityTrait, PaginatorTrait, QueryFilter, QueryOrder, QuerySelect,
        Select,
    };

    /// 分页查询构建器
    pub struct PaginationBuilder<E: EntityTrait> {
        select: Select<E>,
        page: u64,
        page_size: u64,
    }

    impl<E: EntityTrait> PaginationBuilder<E> {
        pub fn new(select: Select<E>) -> Self {
            Self {
                select,
                page: 1,
                page_size: 20,
            }
        }

        pub fn page(mut self, page: u64) -> Self {
            self.page = page.max(1);
            self
        }

        pub fn page_size(mut self, page_size: u64) -> Self {
            self.page_size = page_size.clamp(1, 100);
            self
        }

        pub fn build(self) -> Select<E> {
            let offset = (self.page - 1) * self.page_size;
            self.select.limit(self.page_size).offset(offset)
        }
    }

    /// 条件构建器
    pub struct ConditionBuilder {
        condition: Condition,
    }

    impl ConditionBuilder {
        pub fn new() -> Self {
            Self {
                condition: Condition::all(),
            }
        }

        pub fn add<C>(mut self, column_condition: C) -> Self
        where
            C: Into<Condition>,
        {
            self.condition = self.condition.add(column_condition);
            self
        }

        pub fn add_option<C>(mut self, condition: Option<C>) -> Self
        where
            C: Into<Condition>,
        {
            if let Some(cond) = condition {
                self.condition = self.condition.add(cond);
            }
            self
        }

        pub fn build(self) -> Condition {
            self.condition
        }
    }

    impl Default for ConditionBuilder {
        fn default() -> Self {
            Self::new()
        }
    }
}

/// 数据库错误处理
pub mod error_handler {
    use sea_orm::DbErr;
    use crate::error::AppError;

    /// 将数据库错误转换为应用错误
    pub fn handle_db_error(err: DbErr) -> AppError {
        match err {
            DbErr::RecordNotFound(_) => AppError::NotFound("记录不存在".to_string()),
            DbErr::Custom(msg) => AppError::DatabaseError(msg),
            DbErr::Conn(msg) => AppError::DatabaseError(format!("连接错误: {}", msg)),
            DbErr::Exec(msg) => AppError::DatabaseError(format!("执行错误: {}", msg)),
            DbErr::Query(msg) => AppError::DatabaseError(format!("查询错误: {}", msg)),
            _ => AppError::DatabaseError("未知数据库错误".to_string()),
        }
    }

    /// 检查是否为唯一约束违反错误
    pub fn is_unique_violation(err: &DbErr) -> bool {
        match err {
            DbErr::Exec(msg) | DbErr::Query(msg) => {
                msg.contains("unique constraint") || msg.contains("duplicate key")
            }
            _ => false,
        }
    }

    /// 检查是否为外键约束违反错误
    pub fn is_foreign_key_violation(err: &DbErr) -> bool {
        match err {
            DbErr::Exec(msg) | DbErr::Query(msg) => {
                msg.contains("foreign key constraint")
            }
            _ => false,
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use tokio_test;

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_database_config() {
        let config = DatabaseConfig::default();
        assert_eq!(config.max_connections, 100);
        assert_eq!(config.min_connections, 5);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_condition_builder() {
        use query_builder::ConditionBuilder;
        use sea_orm::{ColumnTrait, Condition};
        
        let condition = ConditionBuilder::new()
            .add_option(Some(Condition::all()))
            .build();
        
        // 验证条件构建
        assert!(!format!("{:?}", condition).is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_error_handling() {
        use error_handler::*;
        
        let db_err = DbErr::RecordNotFound("test".to_string());
        let app_err = handle_db_error(db_err);
        
        match app_err {
            AppError::NotFound(_) => assert!(true),
            _ => assert!(false, "Expected NotFound error"),
        }
    }
}
```

## Redis 连接 (redis.rs)

### 功能特性

- Redis 连接池管理
- 缓存操作封装
- 会话存储
- 分布式锁
- 发布订阅

### 实现代码

```rust
use redis::{
    aio::ConnectionManager, Client, RedisError, RedisResult, AsyncCommands,
};
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use std::time::Duration;
use tracing::{error, info, warn};
use tokio::time::timeout;

/// Redis 配置
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct RedisConfig {
    pub url: String,
    pub max_connections: u32,
    pub connect_timeout: Duration,
    pub command_timeout: Duration,
    pub retry_attempts: u32,
    pub retry_delay: Duration,
}

impl Default for RedisConfig {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            url: "redis://localhost:6379".to_string(),
            max_connections: 50,
            connect_timeout: Duration::from_secs(5),
            command_timeout: Duration::from_secs(10),
            retry_attempts: 3,
            retry_delay: Duration::from_millis(100),
        }
    }
}

/// Redis 连接管理器
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct RedisManager {
    connection: ConnectionManager,
    config: RedisConfig,
}

impl RedisManager {
    /// 创建新的 Redis 管理器
    pub async fn new(config: RedisConfig) -> RedisResult<Self> {
        info!(target = "udmin", url = %config.url, "redis.connect.starting");
        
        let client = Client::open(config.url.clone())?;
        let connection = timeout(
            config.connect_timeout,
            ConnectionManager::new(client),
        )
        .await
        .map_err(|_| RedisError::from((redis::ErrorKind::IoError, "连接超时")))??
        ;
        
        info!(target = "udmin", "redis.connect.success");
        
        Ok(Self { connection, config })
    }

    /// 从环境变量创建 Redis 管理器
    pub async fn from_env() -> RedisResult<Self> {
        let config = RedisConfig {
            url: std::env::var("REDIS_URL")
                .unwrap_or_else(|_| "redis://localhost:6379".to_string()),
            max_connections: std::env::var("REDIS_MAX_CONNECTIONS")
                .ok()
                .and_then(|s| s.parse().ok())
                .unwrap_or(50),
            connect_timeout: Duration::from_secs(
                std::env::var("REDIS_CONNECT_TIMEOUT")
                    .ok()
                    .and_then(|s| s.parse().ok())
                    .unwrap_or(5),
            ),
            command_timeout: Duration::from_secs(
                std::env::var("REDIS_COMMAND_TIMEOUT")
                    .ok()
                    .and_then(|s| s.parse().ok())
                    .unwrap_or(10),
            ),
            retry_attempts: std::env::var("REDIS_RETRY_ATTEMPTS")
                .ok()
                .and_then(|s| s.parse().ok())
                .unwrap_or(3),
            retry_delay: Duration::from_millis(
                std::env::var("REDIS_RETRY_DELAY_MS")
                    .ok()
                    .and_then(|s| s.parse().ok())
                    .unwrap_or(100),
            ),
        };
        
        Self::new(config).await
    }

    /// 执行带超时的 Redis 命令
    async fn execute_with_timeout<F, R>(&self, f: F) -> RedisResult<R>
    where
        F: futures::Future<Output = RedisResult<R>>,
    {
        timeout(self.config.command_timeout, f)
            .await
            .map_err(|_| RedisError::from((redis::ErrorKind::IoError, "命令执行超时")))??
    }

    /// 设置键值对
    pub async fn set<K, V>(&self, key: K, value: V) -> RedisResult<()>
    where
        K: redis::ToRedisArgs + Send + Sync,
        V: redis::ToRedisArgs + Send + Sync,
    {
        let mut conn = self.connection.clone();
        self.execute_with_timeout(async move {
            conn.set(key, value).await
        }).await
    }

    /// 设置键值对（带过期时间）
    pub async fn setex<K, V>(&self, key: K, value: V, seconds: usize) -> RedisResult<()>
    where
        K: redis::ToRedisArgs + Send + Sync,
        V: redis::ToRedisArgs + Send + Sync,
    {
        let mut conn = self.connection.clone();
        self.execute_with_timeout(async move {
            conn.setex(key, seconds, value).await
        }).await
    }

    /// 获取键值
    pub async fn get<K, V>(&self, key: K) -> RedisResult<Option<V>>
    where
        K: redis::ToRedisArgs + Send + Sync,
        V: redis::FromRedisValue,
    {
        let mut conn = self.connection.clone();
        self.execute_with_timeout(async move {
            conn.get(key).await
        }).await
    }

    /// 删除键
    pub async fn del<K>(&self, key: K) -> RedisResult<bool>
    where
        K: redis::ToRedisArgs + Send + Sync,
    {
        let mut conn = self.connection.clone();
        let result: i32 = self.execute_with_timeout(async move {
            conn.del(key).await
        }).await?;
        Ok(result > 0)
    }

    /// 检查键是否存在
    pub async fn exists<K>(&self, key: K) -> RedisResult<bool>
    where
        K: redis::ToRedisArgs + Send + Sync,
    {
        let mut conn = self.connection.clone();
        self.execute_with_timeout(async move {
            conn.exists(key).await
        }).await
    }

    /// 设置键的过期时间
    pub async fn expire<K>(&self, key: K, seconds: usize) -> RedisResult<bool>
    where
        K: redis::ToRedisArgs + Send + Sync,
    {
        let mut conn = self.connection.clone();
        self.execute_with_timeout(async move {
            conn.expire(key, seconds).await
        }).await
    }

    /// 获取键的剩余过期时间
    pub async fn ttl<K>(&self, key: K) -> RedisResult<i32>
    where
        K: redis::ToRedisArgs + Send + Sync,
    {
        let mut conn = self.connection.clone();
        self.execute_with_timeout(async move {
            conn.ttl(key).await
        }).await
    }

    /// 原子递增
    pub async fn incr<K>(&self, key: K, delta: i64) -> RedisResult<i64>
    where
        K: redis::ToRedisArgs + Send + Sync,
    {
        let mut conn = self.connection.clone();
        self.execute_with_timeout(async move {
            conn.incr(key, delta).await
        }).await
    }

    /// 原子递减
    pub async fn decr<K>(&self, key: K, delta: i64) -> RedisResult<i64>
    where
        K: redis::ToRedisArgs + Send + Sync,
    {
        let mut conn = self.connection.clone();
        self.execute_with_timeout(async move {
            conn.decr(key, delta).await
        }).await
    }

    /// 列表左推
    pub async fn lpush<K, V>(&self, key: K, value: V) -> RedisResult<i32>
    where
        K: redis::ToRedisArgs + Send + Sync,
        V: redis::ToRedisArgs + Send + Sync,
    {
        let mut conn = self.connection.clone();
        self.execute_with_timeout(async move {
            conn.lpush(key, value).await
        }).await
    }

    /// 列表右弹
    pub async fn rpop<K, V>(&self, key: K) -> RedisResult<Option<V>>
    where
        K: redis::ToRedisArgs + Send + Sync,
        V: redis::FromRedisValue,
    {
        let mut conn = self.connection.clone();
        self.execute_with_timeout(async move {
            conn.rpop(key, None).await
        }).await
    }

    /// 获取列表长度
    pub async fn llen<K>(&self, key: K) -> RedisResult<i32>
    where
        K: redis::ToRedisArgs + Send + Sync,
    {
        let mut conn = self.connection.clone();
        self.execute_with_timeout(async move {
            conn.llen(key).await
        }).await
    }

    /// 哈希设置字段
    pub async fn hset<K, F, V>(&self, key: K, field: F, value: V) -> RedisResult<bool>
    where
        K: redis::ToRedisArgs + Send + Sync,
        F: redis::ToRedisArgs + Send + Sync,
        V: redis::ToRedisArgs + Send + Sync,
    {
        let mut conn = self.connection.clone();
        self.execute_with_timeout(async move {
            conn.hset(key, field, value).await
        }).await
    }

    /// 哈希获取字段
    pub async fn hget<K, F, V>(&self, key: K, field: F) -> RedisResult<Option<V>>
    where
        K: redis::ToRedisArgs + Send + Sync,
        F: redis::ToRedisArgs + Send + Sync,
        V: redis::FromRedisValue,
    {
        let mut conn = self.connection.clone();
        self.execute_with_timeout(async move {
            conn.hget(key, field).await
        }).await
    }

    /// 哈希删除字段
    pub async fn hdel<K, F>(&self, key: K, field: F) -> RedisResult<bool>
    where
        K: redis::ToRedisArgs + Send + Sync,
        F: redis::ToRedisArgs + Send + Sync,
    {
        let mut conn = self.connection.clone();
        let result: i32 = self.execute_with_timeout(async move {
            conn.hdel(key, field).await
        }).await?;
        Ok(result > 0)
    }

    /// 检查 Redis 连接健康状态
    pub async fn health_check(&self) -> RedisResult<()> {
        let mut conn = self.connection.clone();
        match self.execute_with_timeout(async move {
            redis::cmd("PING").query_async(&mut conn).await
        }).await {
            Ok(redis::Value::Status(status)) if status == "PONG" => {
                info!(target = "udmin", "redis.health_check.success");
                Ok(())
            }
            Ok(_) => {
                error!(target = "udmin", "redis.health_check.unexpected_response");
                Err(RedisError::from((redis::ErrorKind::ResponseError, "意外的响应")))
            }
            Err(e) => {
                error!(target = "udmin", error = %e, "redis.health_check.failed");
                Err(e)
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Redis 缓存操作封装
pub struct RedisCache {
    manager: RedisManager,
    key_prefix: String,
    default_ttl: Duration,
}

impl RedisCache {
    pub fn new(manager: RedisManager, key_prefix: String, default_ttl: Duration) -> Self {
        Self {
            manager,
            key_prefix,
            default_ttl,
        }
    }

    /// 构建完整的缓存键
    fn build_key(&self, key: &str) -> String {
        format!("{}:{}", self.key_prefix, key)
    }

    /// 设置缓存（JSON 序列化）
    pub async fn set_json<T>(&self, key: &str, value: &T) -> RedisResult<()>
    where
        T: Serialize,
    {
        let json_value = serde_json::to_string(value)
            .map_err(|e| RedisError::from((redis::ErrorKind::TypeError, e.to_string())))?;
        
        let full_key = self.build_key(key);
        self.manager.setex(full_key, json_value, self.default_ttl.as_secs() as usize).await
    }

    /// 获取缓存（JSON 反序列化）
    pub async fn get_json<T>(&self, key: &str) -> RedisResult<Option<T>>
    where
        T: for<'de> Deserialize<'de>,
    {
        let full_key = self.build_key(key);
        let json_value: Option<String> = self.manager.get(full_key).await?;
        
        match json_value {
            Some(json) => {
                let value = serde_json::from_str(&json)
                    .map_err(|e| RedisError::from((redis::ErrorKind::TypeError, e.to_string())))?;
                Ok(Some(value))
            }
            None => Ok(None),
        }
    }

    /// 删除缓存
    pub async fn delete(&self, key: &str) -> RedisResult<bool> {
        let full_key = self.build_key(key);
        self.manager.del(full_key).await
    }

    /// 检查缓存是否存在
    pub async fn exists(&self, key: &str) -> RedisResult<bool> {
        let full_key = self.build_key(key);
        self.manager.exists(full_key).await
    }

    /// 设置缓存过期时间
    pub async fn expire(&self, key: &str, ttl: Duration) -> RedisResult<bool> {
        let full_key = self.build_key(key);
        self.manager.expire(full_key, ttl.as_secs() as usize).await
    }

    /// 获取或设置缓存（缓存穿透保护）
    pub async fn get_or_set<T, F, Fut>(&self, key: &str, fetcher: F) -> RedisResult<T>
    where
        T: Serialize + for<'de> Deserialize<'de> + Clone,
        F: FnOnce() -> Fut,
        Fut: futures::Future<Output = Result<T, Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>>>,
    {
        // 先尝试从缓存获取
        if let Some(cached_value) = self.get_json::<T>(key).await? {
            return Ok(cached_value);
        }

        // 缓存未命中，调用 fetcher 获取数据
        let value = fetcher().await
            .map_err(|e| RedisError::from((redis::ErrorKind::TypeError, e.to_string())))?;

        // 将数据存入缓存
        if let Err(e) = self.set_json(key, &value).await {
            warn!(target = "udmin", key = %key, error = %e, "redis.cache.set_failed");
        }

        Ok(value)
    }
}

/// 分布式锁
pub struct DistributedLock {
    manager: RedisManager,
    key: String,
    value: String,
    ttl: Duration,
}

impl DistributedLock {
    /// 尝试获取锁
    pub async fn acquire(
        manager: RedisManager,
        key: String,
        ttl: Duration,
    ) -> RedisResult<Option<Self>> {
        let value = uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
        let lock_key = format!("lock:{}", key);
        
        let mut conn = manager.connection.clone();
        let result: Option<String> = redis::cmd("SET")
            .arg(&lock_key)
            .arg(&value)
            .arg("EX")
            .arg(ttl.as_secs())
            .arg("NX")
            .query_async(&mut conn)
            .await?;

        if result.is_some() {
            info!(target = "udmin", key = %key, "distributed_lock.acquired");
            Ok(Some(Self {
                manager,
                key: lock_key,
                value,
                ttl,
            }))
        } else {
            Ok(None)
        }
    }

    /// 释放锁
    pub async fn release(self) -> RedisResult<bool> {
        let script = r#"
            if redis.call("GET", KEYS[1]) == ARGV[1] then
                return redis.call("DEL", KEYS[1])
            else
                return 0
            end
        "#;

        let mut conn = self.manager.connection.clone();
        let result: i32 = redis::Script::new(script)
            .key(&self.key)
            .arg(&self.value)
            .invoke_async(&mut conn)
            .await?;

        let released = result > 0;
        if released {
            info!(target = "udmin", key = %self.key, "distributed_lock.released");
        }
        Ok(released)
    }

    /// 续期锁
    pub async fn renew(&self) -> RedisResult<bool> {
        let script = r#"
            if redis.call("GET", KEYS[1]) == ARGV[1] then
                return redis.call("EXPIRE", KEYS[1], ARGV[2])
            else
                return 0
            end
        "#;

        let mut conn = self.manager.connection.clone();
        let result: i32 = redis::Script::new(script)
            .key(&self.key)
            .arg(&self.value)
            .arg(self.ttl.as_secs())
            .invoke_async(&mut conn)
            .await?;

        Ok(result > 0)
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use tokio_test;

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_redis_config() {
        let config = RedisConfig::default();
        assert_eq!(config.max_connections, 50);
        assert_eq!(config.connect_timeout, Duration::from_secs(5));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_cache_key_building() {
        let manager = RedisManager {
            connection: todo!(), // 在实际测试中需要模拟
            config: RedisConfig::default(),
        };
        let cache = RedisCache::new(manager, "test".to_string(), Duration::from_secs(300));
        
        assert_eq!(cache.build_key("user:123"), "test:user:123");
    }
}
```

## 性能优化

### 连接池优化

- **动态连接池**: 根据负载自动调整连接数
- **连接复用**: 最大化连接利用率
- **健康检查**: 定期检查连接状态
- **超时控制**: 防止连接泄漏

### 查询优化

- **索引优化**: 合理设计数据库索引
- **查询缓存**: Redis 缓存热点数据
- **批量操作**: 减少数据库往返次数
- **分页优化**: 高效的分页查询

### 缓存策略

- **多级缓存**: 内存 + Redis 缓存
- **缓存预热**: 系统启动时预加载热点数据
- **缓存穿透保护**: 防止恶意查询
- **缓存雪崩保护**: 错开缓存过期时间

## 监控和日志

### 性能监控

- **连接池监控**: 活跃连接数、等待队列长度
- **查询性能**: 慢查询日志、执行时间统计
- **缓存命中率**: Redis 缓存效果监控
- **错误率监控**: 数据库错误统计

### 日志记录

- **操作日志**: 记录所有数据库操作
- **性能日志**: 记录查询执行时间
- **错误日志**: 详细的错误信息和堆栈
- **审计日志**: 敏感操作的审计记录

## 最佳实践

### 数据库设计

1. **规范化设计**: 避免数据冗余
2. **索引策略**: 合理创建和维护索引
3. **数据类型**: 选择合适的数据类型
4. **约束设计**: 充分利用数据库约束

### 查询优化

1. **避免 N+1 查询**: 使用 JOIN 或预加载
2. **分页查询**: 使用 LIMIT 和 OFFSET
3. **条件过滤**: 在数据库层面进行过滤
4. **批量操作**: 合并多个操作为批量操作

### 事务管理

1. **事务边界**: 明确事务的开始和结束
2. **隔离级别**: 根据需求选择合适的隔离级别
3. **死锁处理**: 设计避免死锁的策略
4. **回滚策略**: 合理的错误处理和回滚

### 缓存使用

1. **缓存键设计**: 有意义且唯一的缓存键
2. **过期策略**: 合理设置缓存过期时间
3. **缓存更新**: 及时更新或删除过期缓存
4. **缓存预热**: 系统启动时预加载重要数据

## 总结

UdminAI 的数据库模块提供了完整的数据持久化解决方案，具有以下特点：

- **高性能**: 连接池管理和查询优化
- **高可用**: 健康检查和自动重连
- **类型安全**: SeaORM 提供的编译时检查
- **易维护**: 清晰的模块结构和错误处理
- **可扩展**: 支持多种数据库和缓存策略

通过合理的架构设计和最佳实践，确保了系统的稳定性、性能和可维护性。